We learned about using binary (on and off) to count and make decisions.
We learned to solder circuits by making Blinkie!
We used CEDAR Logic Simulator to design circuits like the ones in a calculator or computer.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
Operating Systems are the most important piece of software that goes into a computer. The OS acts as a hub for all the programs and hardware to get the commands and information it needs. Without an OS the computer is useless because it also acts as a translator. It turns all the commands you enter into something the computer can understand. There are MS Windows, GNU/Linux (with all the versions like Debian, Ubuntu, RedHat, etc.), Mac OSX and a lot more. One of the important things about GNU/Linux is the license that says you can use it for free. They all have their ups and downs so choose the one that fits your needs and skills better.